Method for recovering oil from an oil reservoir

ABSTRACT

There is a method for enhancing the recovery of oil from a reservoir. The method has the step of a) introducing a flooding fluid into the reservoir and b) extracting the oil through a wellbore at a location different than the point of introduction of the flooding fluid into the reservoir. The flooding fluid has water and an amount of one or more non-polymeric viscoelastic surfactants sufficient to provide an interfacial surface tension of about 1 mNm or less and a viscosity of about 10 cps or more. The one or more surfactants is selected from the group of one or more cationic surfactants, one or more zwitterionic surfactants, one or more amphoteric surfactants, one or more anionic surfactants, and combinations thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/280,896,filed Nov. 16, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,461,694, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to methods for recovering oil from an oilreservoir.

2. Description of the Related Art

Various techniques have been employed to recover crude oil from oilreservoirs (subterranean oil-bearing formations). Primary recoverytechniques usually rely on natural reservoir pressure to effectwithdrawal or extraction. Secondary recovery techniques typically entailincreasing reservoir pressure by introduction (injection) of energy byflooding with water, steam, or gases at a location other than thewellbore but usually in the general direction of the wellbore. Whenwater is introduced, it is referred to as flooding. Oil is thenrecovered at the wellbore. Tertiary recovery usually entails enhancementof recovery by more sophisticated techniques, such as heating,rheological modification of flooding fluids, and modification offormation and/or pore geometry.

One primary recovery technique involves injecting water through awellbore into a reservoir to open or fracture it to an extent to yieldadditional oil. Water may also be used to carry a proppant, such assand, to aid in keeping open the pores and fractures in the formationsafter release of water pressure to further enhance oil yield.

In tertiary recovery, fluids of aqueous surfactant solutions/dispersionshave been injected during flooding. Certain anionic and nonionicsurfactants, such as alkylphenol polyglycol ether sulfonates,oxyalkylated aliphatic alcohols and oxalkylated alkylphenols, have beendisclosed as useful for this purpose. The surfactants lower theinterfacial surface tension (IFT) of the fluid and enable it to moreeasily form emulsions mixtures and/or microemulsions with the oil in thereservoir. The formation of mixtures and/or microemulsions dislodge theentrapped oils in the formations through IFT reduction andsolubilization of oil in the aqueous surfactant solutions therebyincreasing the recovery of oil from subterranean formations. However,the surfactant fluids have less viscosity than the oil, so theireffectiveness in pushing the oil from the formations is limited.

To more effectively push oil out of subterranean formations, theviscosity of flooding fluids has been increased by the addition of highmolecular weight polymers, such as polyacrylamide (PAM). Such highmolecular weight polymers have also been used in combination withconventional anionic surfactants.

A drawback with using conventional anionic surfactants alone in floodingfluids is that their primary physical action is reduction of IFT withoutsignificant enhancement of viscosity. A drawback with the use of highmolecular weight polymers alone is that they do not reduce IFT.Combining conventional anionic surfactants with high molecular weightpolymer to achieve both IFT reduction and viscosity increase requiresthe use of two different components, which can be expensive andcumbersome. Further, some conventional anionic surfactants can haveundesirable interactions with high molecular weight polymers andcounteract viscosity enhancement. Still further, high molecular weightpolymers commonly adsorb or precipitate out in reservoirs causing damageto the formations and diminution of oil recovery.

It would be desirable to have a flooding fluid and method for use intertiary oil recovery that employed a single additive or component thateffected a significant decrease in IFT and a significant increase inviscosity for the flooding fluid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to have a method for recoveringoil from a reservoir.

It is further an object of the present invention to have a tertiarymethod for recovering oil from a reservoir that employed a floodingfluid having a single additive or component that effected a significantdecrease in IFT and a significant increase in viscosity in the floodingfluid.

According to these and other objects of the present invention, there isa method for enhancing the recovery of oil from a reservoir. The methodhas the step of a) introducing a flooding fluid into the reservoir andb) extracting the oil through a wellbore at a location different thanthe point of introduction of the flooding fluid into the reservoir. Theflooding fluid has water and an amount of one or more non-polymeric,viscoelastic surfactants sufficient to provide an interfacial surfacetension of about 1 millinewtons per meter (mNm) or less and a viscosityof about 10 centipoise (cPs) or more at 1 wt % in water having salinitydensity up to about 20 pounds (lbs)/1000 gallons (gals) of water inorganic and/or inorganic salts. The non-polymeric, viscoelasticsurfactant(s) is selected from the group of cationic surfactants,zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, anionic surfactantsand combinations thereof. The non-polymeric, viscoelastic surfactant(s)are viscoelastic in water, even at high salinity, and up to 350° F.

According to these and other objects of the present invention, there isanother method for recovering oil from a reservoir. The method has thesteps of a) introducing a fracturing fluid through a wellbore into thereservoir at a pressure sufficient to induce fracturing in the reservoirand b) introducing a flooding fluid into the reservoir at a locationdifferent than that of the wellbore. The flooding fluid has water and anamount of one or more non-polymeric surfactants sufficient to provide anoil/water interfacial surface tension of about 1 mNm or less andviscosity of about 10 or more cPs at 1 wt % in water at ambientconditions and at high salinity. The non-polymeric, viscoelasticsurfactant(s) is selected from the group of cationic surfactants,zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, anionic surfactantsand combinations thereof. The non-polymeric, viscoelastic surfactant(s)are viscoelastic at ambient conditions and at high salinity andtemperatures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It was surprisingly found that a single component could be added to aflooding fluid to significantly lower IFT while significantly increasingthe viscosity of the injected water during the water flooding process intertiary oil recovery.

In the methods of the present invention, a flooding fluid having one ormore non-polymeric surfactants is introduced, e.g., injected, into thereservoir or formation at elevated pressure for the purpose of pushingor expelling oil from it. Useful surfactants include non-polymeric,viscoelastic cationic, amphoteric, zwitterionic surfactants, and anionicsurfactants. Non-polymeric surfactants that form viscosifying aqueousfluids are advantageous because they typically are, as a class, of lowermolecular weight than polymers. Amphoteric surfactants have both apositively charged moiety and a negatively charged moiety over a certainpH range (e.g. typically slightly acidic), only a negatively chargedmoiety over a certain pH range (e.g. typically slightly alkaline) andonly a positively charged moiety at a different pH range (e.g. typicallymoderately acidic). Zwitterionic surfactants have a permanentlypositively charged moiety in the molecule regardless of pH and anegatively charged moiety at alkaline pH. Cationic surfactants have apermanently positively charged moeity in the molecule regardless of pH.Anionic surfactants have a permanently negatively charged moiety exceptat very acidic pH.

The surfactants are present in the flooding fluid at an amountsufficient to provide the flooding fluid (prior to injection into theformation or reservoir) with an interfacial surface tension (IFT) ofabout 1 mNm or less, preferably about 0.1 mNm or less, and mostpreferably about 0.01 or less. IFT is determined by spinning droptensiometer. The surfactants are preferably present in the floodingfluid at an amount about 0.1 to about 10 wt % and most preferably about0.5 to about 6 wt % based on the total weight of the flooding fluid. Theamount of surfactant necessary will vary considerably depending onfactors, including surfactant type, brine content in the fluid, andimpurities in the flooding fluid. The surfactants are effective inproviding the desired levels of IFT even in flooding fluids having highsalinity, i.e. up to about 20 lbs/1000 gals concentration. Salts may beorganic or inorganic salts, including monovalent, divalent, andtrivalent species. Inorganic salts commonly encountered in brackish andsalt water include, but are not limited to, chloride and bromide saltsof potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and ammonium.

The non-polymeric, viscoelastic surfactant acts to lower the IFT betweenthe flooding fluid and oil encountered in the formation and increase theviscosity of the injected water during water flooding. The surfactantinduces the formation of oil/water mixtures, or, more preferably,microemulsions, as the flooding fluid mixes with oil within thereservoir or formation. At the same time, the surfactant induces aviscosity increase in the flooding fluid to more effectively push and/ortransport the oil/water mixture or emulsion through the formation to thewellbore, where it is withdrawn or extracted. The presence of thesesurfactants in the flooding fluid imparts a markedly higher viscositycompared to a flooding fluid without such viscoelastic surfactants.Higher viscosity in the flooding fluid enhances the capability ofpushing or expelling oil from the formation such that the use ofconventional polymers, e.g. PAM, may reduced or completely eliminated.The extent of viscosity increase will vary considerably depending onmany factors, including surfactant type and amount, brine content in theflooding fluid and in the formation, composition and physicalcharacteristics of the oil in the formation, and impurities in theflooding fluid. The fluiding fluid will have sufficient surfactantpresent to provide a viscosity of about 10 cPs or more, more preferablyabout 25 cPs or more, and most preferably about 50 cPs or more. Inpractice, fluiding fluid viscosities of about 10 cps to about 1000 cpsmay be employed.

The surfactants useful in the present invention are viscoelastic.Although not bound by any theory, viscoelasticity is believed to beresult from a different type of micelle formation than the usualspherical micelles formed by most surfactants. Viscoelastic surfactantsform worm-like, rod-like or cylindrical micelles in solution.Viscoelastic surfactants are preferred because they remain stable inhigh shear applications, i.e., they do not irreversibly degrade underhigh shear. Fluids having viscoelastic surfactants also exhibit higherconductivity through a reservoir or formation than fluids havingnon-viscoelastic surfactants.

The property of viscoelasticity in general is well known and referenceis made to S. Gravsholt, Journal of Coll. And Interface Sci., 57(3), 575(1976); Hoffmann et al., “Influence of Ionic Surfactants on theViscoelastic Properties of Zwitterionic Surfactant Solutions”, Langmuir,8, 2140-2146 91992); and Hoffmann et al., The Rheological Behaviour ofDifferent Viscoelastic Surfactant Solutions, Tenside Surf. Det., 31,289-400, 1994. Of the test methods specified by these references todetermine whether a liquid possesses viscoelastic properties, one testthat has been found to be useful in determining the viscoelasticity ofan aqueous solution consists of swirling the solution and visuallyobserving whether the bubbles created by the swirling recoil after theswirling is stopped. Any recoil of the bubbles indicatesviscoelasticity. Another useful test is to measure the storage modulus(G′) and the loss modulus (G″) at a given temperature. If G′>G″ at somepoint or over some range of points below about 10 rad/sec, typicallybetween about 0.001 to about 10 rad/sec, more typically between about0.1 and about 10 rad/sec, at a given temperature and if G′>10⁻² Pascals,preferably 10⁻¹ Pascals, the fluid is typically considered viscoelasticat that temperature. Rheological measurements such as G′ and G″ arediscussed more fully in “Rheological Measurements”, Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology, vol. 21, pp. 347-372, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,N.Y., N.Y., 1997, 4th ed.). The above disclosures are expresslyincorporated herein by reference.

Viscoelastic cationic surfactants useful in the present inventioninclude those selected from i) certain quaternary salts and ii) certainamines, iii) certain amine oxides, iv) and combinations thereof.Representative cationic surfactants are set forth below.

The quaternary salts have the structural formula:

wherein R₁ is a hydrophobic moiety of alkyl, alkylarylalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl or alkylamidoalkyl, and wherein R₁ has fromabout 16 to about 22 carbon atoms and may be branched orstraight-chained and saturated or unsaturated.

R₂ and R₃ are, independently, i) an aliphatic group or ii) an aliphaticgroup with an aromatic or benzylic moiety bonded therewith. R₂, R₃, andR₅ have from 1 to about 20 atoms. The aliphatic group can be branched orstraight-chained and saturated or unsaturated. R₂, R₃, and R₅ can be,for example, alkyl, oxyalkyl, polyoxyalkyl, alkoxy, and alkylaryl.Preferably, R₂, R₃, and R₅ are alkyl groups. Most preferably, R₂, R₃,and R₅ are methyl or ethyl groups.

X is suitable counter-anion, such as Cl⁻, Br⁻, and CH₃CH₃SO₄ ⁻.

The amines have the following structural formula:

-   -   wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are as defined above.

Representative amines of the above structure include polyoxyethylenated(2-15) cocoalkylamines, polyoxyethylenated (12-18) tallow alkylamines,and polyoxyethylenated (2-15) oleyl and erucyl amines

Examples of nonpolymeric, viscoelastic anionic surfactants useful in thepresent invention are represented by the formulas (I) to (V):ROSO₃ ⁻  (I)R(OCHR′CHR′)_(m)OSO₃ ⁻  (II)RSO₃ ⁻  (III)R(OCHR′CHR′)_(m)SO₃ ⁻  (IV)RC₆H₄—SO₃ ⁻  (V)

wherein R represents an alkyl, alkenyl, arylalkyl, or hydroxyalkylgroup. R has about 16 to about 24 carbon atoms and more preferably about16 to about 20 carbon atoms. R may be saturated or unsaturated, branchedor straight chained, wherein branch alkyl groups have from 1 to about 6carbon atoms. Representative alkyl groups for R include decyl, dodecyl,tetradecyl (myristyl), hexadecyl (cetyl), octadecyl (oleyl), stearyl,erucyl, and the derivatives of coco, tallow, soy, and rapeseed oils. Thenumber of alkylene oxide groups, m, ranges from 0 to about 35 and morepreferably 0 to about 10.

Examples of nonpolymeric, viscoelastic zwitterionic surfactants usefulin the present invention are represented by the formula:

wherein R₁ represents a hydrophobic moiety of alkyl, alkylarylalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl and alkylamidoalkyl, wherein alkylrepresents a group that contains from about 16 to about 24 carbon atomswhich may be branched or straight chained and which may be saturated orunsaturated. Representative long-chain alkyl groups include tetradecyl(myristyl), hexadecyl (cetyl), octadecenyl (oleyl), octadecyl (stearyl),docosenoic (erucyl) and the derivatives of tallow, coco, soya andrapeseed oils. The preferred alkyl and alkenyl groups are alkyl andalkenyl groups having from about 16 to about 22 carbon atoms.Representative of alkylamidoalkyl is alkylamidopropyl with alkyl beingas described above.

R₂ and R₃ are independently an aliphatic chain (i.e. as opposed toaromatic at the atom bonded to the quaternary nitrogen, e.g., alkyl,alkenyl, arylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, carboxyalkyl, andhydroxyalkyl-polyoxyalkylene, e.g. hydroxyethyl-polyoxyethylene orhydroxypropyl-polyoxypropylene) having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms,preferably from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, more preferably fromabout 1 to about 10 carbon atoms and most preferably from about 1 toabout 6 carbon atoms in which the aliphatic group can be branched orstraight chained, saturated or unsaturated. Preferred alkyl chains aremethyl, ethyl, preferred arylalkyl is benzyl, and preferredhydroxyalkyls are hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl, while preferredcarboxyalkyls are acetate and propionate. Preferredhydroxyalkyl-polyoxyalkylenes are hydroxyethyl-polyoxyethylene andhydroxypropyl-polyoxyethylene.

R₄ is a hydrocarbyl radical (e.g. alkylene) with chain length 1 to 4.Preferred are methylene or ethylene groups.

Specific examples of viscoelastic zwitterionic surfactants include thefollowing structures:

wherein R₁ has been previously defined herein.

Another example of a viscoelastic zwitterionic surfactant selected is anamine oxide. This material has the following structure:

wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are as defined above.

Other representative zwitterionic surfactants include dihydroxyethyltallow glycinate, propionates, oleamidopropyl betaine, and erucylamidopropyl betaine.

Examples of nonpolymeric, viscoelastic amphoteric surfactants includethose represented by the following:

wherein R₁, R₂, and R₄ are the same as defined above.

Other specific examples of viscoelastic amphoteric surfactants includethe following structures:

wherein R₁ has been previously defined herein, and X⁺ is an inorganiccation such as Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄ ⁺ associated with a carboxylate group orhydrogen atom in an acidic medium.

Useful viscoelastic zwitterionic and amphoteric surfactants includethose disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,108 B2, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

In the methods of the present invention, a flooding fluid having one ormore non-polymeric, viscoelastic surfactants is introduced, e.g.,injected, into the reservoir or formation at elevated pressure for thepurpose of pushing or expelling oil from it. The point or location ofintroduction of the flooding fluid is different than the location of thewellbore, the point at which oil is extracted or withdrawn from thereservoir. The direction of flooding will typically be directed to anarea or location in the field that will afford efficient extraction orwithdrawal of oil. Most typically, the direction of flooding will betoward the vicinity of the wellbore or to wells or passages in theformation affording efficient extraction or withdrawal.

The flooding fluid optionally has one or more members from the group oforganic acids, organic acid salts, and inorganic acids, and inorganicsalts. The organic acid or salt thereof aids in the development ofincreased viscosity. Since brackish water is frequently used as aflooding fluid in the oilfield, salt content at some level may alreadypresent.

Useful organic acids are typically those of a sulfonic acid or acarboxylic acid. Anionic counter-ions of the organic acid salts aretypically sulfonates or carboxylates. Representative of such organicmolecules include aromatic sulfonates and carboxylates such as p-toluenesulfonate, naphthalene sulfonate, chlorobenzoic acid, salicylic acid,phthalic acid and the like, wherein such counter-ions are water-soluble.Most preferred are salicylate, phthalate, p-toluene sulfonate,hydroxynaphthalene carboxylates, e.g. 5-hydroxy-1-napthoic acid,6-hydroxy-1-napthoic acid, 7-hydroxy-1-napthoic acid,1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, preferably 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid,5-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 7-hydroxy-2-napthoic acid, and1,3-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 3,4-dichlorobenzoate. The organicacid or salt thereof will optionally be present in the flooding fluid atfrom about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, more typically from about 0.1 wt %to about 7 wt %, and even more typically from about 0.1 wt % to about 6wt % based on the total weight of the flooding fluid.

Useful inorganic salts include water-soluble potassium, sodium, andammonium salts, such as potassium chloride and ammonium chloride.Additionally, calcium chloride, calcium bromide and zinc halide saltsmay also be used. The inorganic salt is optionally present in theflooding fluid at a weight concentration of from about 0.1 wt % to about30 wt %, more typically from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt %, and evenmore typically from about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt %. Organic salts, e.g.trimethylammonium hydrochloride and tetramethylammonium chloride, mayalso be used in addition to, or as a replacement for, the inorganicsalts.

The component of the flooding fluid that is present in the greatestconcentration is water. Typically, water will be a major amount byweight of the fluid. Water is typically present in an amount by weightabout 50% or more and more typically about 80% or more by weight of thefluid. The water can be from any source so long as the source containsno contaminants that are chemically or physically incompatible with theother components of the fluid (e.g., by causing undesirableprecipitation). The water need not be potable and may be brackish andcontain salts of such metals as sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc,magnesium, etc or other materials typical of sources of water found inor near oil fields.

Optionally, natural or synthetic polymers may be added to the floodingfluid to regulate viscosity. Useful polymers include, but are notlimited to, guar and guar derivatives, xanthan, polyacrylamide (PAM),starch and starch derivatives, cellulosic derivatives, andpolyacrylates.

The flooding (or fracturing) fluid may optionally contain a gas such asair, nitrogen or carbon dioxide to provide an energized fluid or foam.Supercritical carbon dioxide emulsion can be also present.

Optionally, nonviscoelastic surfactants, polymeric or nonpolymeric, canbe added to the flooding fluid to impart additional IFT reduction and/ormodify viscosity. The nonviscoelastic surfactants complex with theviscoelastic surfactants to impact IFT and/or viscosity. Usefulnonviscoelastic surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic,zwitterionic/amphoterics and combinations thereof. When present, thenonviscoelastic surfactants will preferably be present in limitedamounts, i.e., about 0.5% or less, more preferably about 0.2% or less,and even more preferably 0.1% or less by weight based on the totalweight of the flooding fluid.

The method of the present invention may optionally be preceded by ahydraulic fracturing step. In hydraulic fracturing, a fracturing fluid,such as water, is injected through a wellbore and against the face ofthe formation at a pressure and flow rate sufficient to overcome theoverburden pressure of the formation and initiate and/or extend afracture(s) into the formation. The fracturing fluid optionally carriesa proppant, such as 20-40 mesh sand, bauxite, glass beads, etc., whichis suspended in the fracturing fluid and transported into a fracture.The proppant prevents the formation from closing back down on itselfwhen the pressure is released. The proppant-filled fractures providepermeable channels through which the formation fluids can flow to thewellbore and thereafter be extracted or withdrawn.

It should be understood that the foregoing description is onlyillustrative of the present invention. Various alternatives andmodifications can be devised by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the invention. Accordingly, the present invention isintended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variancesthat fall within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A method for flooding an oil-bearing reservoir, comprising: a)introducing a flooding fluid into the reservoir, wherein the fluid hasi) water and ii) an amount of one or more non-polymeric, viscoelasticsurfactants sufficient to provide the flooding fluid with an oil/waterinterfacial surface tension of about 1 mN/m or less and a viscosity ofabout 10 cPs or more, wherein the one or more non-polymeric,viscoelastic surfactants is one or more cationic surfactants; b) pushingoil through the reservoir to the vicinity of a wellbore at a locationdifferent than the point of introduction of the flooding fluid into thereservoir; and c) extracting the oil through the wellbore.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the flooding fluid has about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt% of the one or more non-polymeric surfactants.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein the flooding fluid has about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % of theone or more non-polymeric surfactants.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe flooding fluid has up to about 20 lbs/1000 gals water of organic andinorganic salts.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the flooding fluidhas an amount of the one or more surfactants sufficient to provide aflooding fluid having an interfacial surface tension of about 0.1 mN/mor less.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more cationicsurfactants has the formula

wherein R₁ is a hydrophobic moiety of alkyl, alkylarylalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl or alkylamidoalkyl, and wherein R₁ has fromabout 16 to about 22 carbon atoms and may be branched orstraight-chained and saturated or unsaturated; wherein R₂ and R₃ are,independently, i) an aliphatic group or ii) an aliphatic group with anaromatic or benzylic moiety bonded therewith; wherein R₂, R₃, and R₅have from 1 to about 30 atoms; wherein the aliphatic group is branchedor straight-chained and saturated or unsaturated; and wherein X is asuitable counter-anion, such as Cl⁻, Br⁻, and CH₃CH₃SO₄ ⁻.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the flooding fluid has about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt% of the one or more non-polymeric surfactants.
 8. The method of claim7, wherein the flooding fluid has an amount of the one or moresurfactants sufficient to provide a flooding fluid having an interfacialsurface tension of about 0.1 mN/m or less.
 9. The method of claim 7,wherein the flooding fluid has an amount of the one or more surfactantssufficient to provide a flooding fluid having an interfacial surfacetension of about 0.1 mN/m or less.
 10. The method of claim 1, whereinthe one or more cationic surfactants has the formula

wherein R₁ is a hydrophobic moiety of alkyl, alkylarylalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl or alkylamidoalkyl, and wherein R₁ has fromabout 16 to about 22 carbon atoms and may be branched orstraight-chained and saturated or unsaturated; wherein R₂ and R₃ are,independently, i) an aliphatic group or ii) an aliphatic group with anaromatic or benzylic moiety bonded therewith.
 11. The method of claim10, wherein the flooding fluid has about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % ofthe one or more non-polymeric surfactants.